Inori

43 posts by Inori

[MCV] Taccia Hokusai Sabimidori (Rusty Turquoise) Ink

Jun 30, 2025 - 4 min read - 500 words

Inori

Learn About Sheen

I came across the word “sheen” in the world of fountain pen ink when I browsed r/Calligraphy on Reddit. At the subreddit, I regularly saw someone’s posts using this kind of ink with great, beautiful sheen. (And his great masterpieces absolutely.) This guy I called him Lambroghini because of his reddit account, but maybe it’s proper to call him Leonardo, as indicated in his Instagram profile.

I got impressed by a ink he used in his post, which is Tesla Coil made by Birmingham Pen Company in US.

The color and sheen shown below: (official image)

Bump Into Sabimidori

Recently I went to a local fountain pen shop, I asked the stuff if they sell the Tesla Coil ink. They said they don’t sell any Birmingham inks. I also took a look on local shopping sites, amazons (US & Japan), nothing found. And sadly, Birmingham’s official website does not support international shipment. Oh, NO!

Then I asked the stuff to recommend similar inks with sheen. (But not limited to similar color) He recommend two inks, both of them are the Ukiyo-e ink series made by Taccia:

• Hiroshige Ruri (広重(ひろしげ)瑠璃(るり))
• Hokusai Sabimidori (北斎(ほくさい)錆緑(さびみどり))

PS. For more detailed and professional review about these inks, I recommend reading posts from Mountain of Ink. (Ink Review #1348: Taccia Hokusai-sabimidori — Mountain of Ink and Taccia Hiroshige Inks — Mountain of Ink)

And I love the color of Hokusai Sabimidori at the first sight, almost decided to buy it immediately. 😆

Unboxing

Here we started from the box! The design of box is inspired by Ukiyoe from Japan.

Let’s open it!

A bottle of ink and a pamphlet. Here’s all we have.

Inside the pamphlet is a brief introduction about Ukiyo-e series.

Actually there are already 16 inks in the series at the time writing. (Jun/2025)

About The Naming

I just want to discuss a little bit about the name: Hokusai Sabimidori.

For Hokusai (北斎(ほくさい)), as wiki suggests, is a Japanese ukiyo-e artist.

As Sabimidori (錆緑(さびみどり)), it can be divide into two characters. Sabi (錆(さび)) means rust in Japanese, while midori (緑(みどり)) means green.

So sabimidori means rust green, or rusty green.

Trying the Ink

It’s time to try the ink! I tried it on two paper: Midori MD and Tomoe River.

The rusty sheen is soooo beautiful!

Dry And Wet

I realize the ink will change the color when drying:

As you can see, when the ink is wet (lower stroke), it looks like Prussian blue. Then after it drys, it becomes green, which is between turquoise and emerald , but more close to turquoise. And of course with rust at ink pond!

Here’s final shot!

DEFINITELY LOVE IT!

Thanks for reading. Happy writing!

Tags:

• Calligraphy
• Lefty
• Handwriting
• Ink

[MCV] Intro to My Calligraphy Voyage

Jun 10, 2025 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

This series are talking about my experiences, notes, thoughts when learning calligraphy.

As an lefty, faced many difficulties and might have different learning paths from right-handed people.

So I decided to write down something to share with people interested in calligraphy, especially lefty fellows. 😆

The series should have a name to make it easy to memorize, I call it “My Calligraphy Voyage”, abbreviated with “MCV”.

Last words to say:

Keep smudging, keep your hands dirty and enjoying calligraphy. 😎

Happy writing!

Tags:

• Calligraphy
• Lefty

[MCV] My Equipment for Calligraphy

Jun 10, 2025 - 3 min read - 500 words

Inori

Here I just want to share what I used to practice calligraphy.

The list might be changed in the future, I will go back and update it if I remembered.

Pen

I started learning calligraphy by buying my first Pilot Parallel pen (3.8mm). I have also tried dip pen, and sold it after giving it a try, only found that not suitable for myself as a lefty. Until now, my main pen are all Pilot Parallel pens. Other pens are not mainly used for calligraphy, they are used as auxiliary purpose.

Here’s my pen list:

• Pilot Parallel pen 3.8mm: mainly used
• Pilot Parallel pen 3.8mm: mainly used
• Pilot Parallel pen 5.0mm
• Pilot Parallel pen 1.2mm
• Pilot Shaker Mechanical pencil 0.5mm: for drawing guidelines
• Pilot Super Knock 0.7mm (BPK-P-WFBA): for drawing guidelines
• Pilot Super Grip G 1.6mm (BPS-GG): for drawing guidelines

“Why all pens are Pilot?”, you might ask. I realized it when I made the list, it was just coincident. 🤣 I just bought pens that suitable for my writing habits. By the way, if you really want to know, my favorite brand of pen is Zebra when I was a student. But that was for hand writing, not calligraphy.

Ink

For ink now, I don’t have too much right now.

• Pelikan 4001 (blue black)
• Parker Quink (black)

Blue inks are suitable for practicing and learning in my opinion.

I am not a ink collectors like many people do on Reddit r/calligraphy. But willing to join them if necessary. 😆 Only when I get huge improvement of my calligraphy skill and would like to write some cards to friends, it’s better to expand the color options to make more fun. The inks Pilot Iroshizuku (色彩雫) series from Japan have many choices and they looks beautiful. (from color and naming aspect) Inks with great sheen like Diamine from UK looks beautiful, too. I really want to give them a try in the future.

Paper

Paper is another important equipment for calligraphy.

• MIDORI Paperpad A5 size: MIDORI is a famous brand from Japan in stationary fiel, no need to explain more here.
• Xiangqiu (象球牌) paper for fountain pen: It’s the paper produced by a brand in Taiwan. It seems pretty famous at local writing community for great writing experience with fountain pen. Further more, the price is very cheap, suitable for daily practice.

Other

Some tools worth to mention:

• LED light table: china brand, with color temperature control, brightness control, magnetic pin supported
• COX plastic ruler 40cm
• Writing pads: brand from Tylee Pen Shop (famous stationary shop, mainly focus on fountain pens & inks)
• Pen tray: preventing pens from rolling around at desk
• Ink injector (refiller)

That’s all! Thanks for reading!

Happy writing! ✍️

Tags:

• Calligraphy
• Lefty
• Pilot Parallel
• Midori
• Fountain Pen

Type Safety and Runtime Safety Part.1/2: model, validator & data

Mar 17, 2024 - 4 min read - 800 words

Inori

TypeScript makes JavaScript even stronger with a strongly-typed system, which is a merit for developers. TypeScript checks our static code before running it. That is so called type safety. However, runtime safety is checking our code at runtime with real data. In runtime, TypeScript files are already compiled to JavaScript. So static type check is not available.

It means: type safe does not mean runtime safe

The post is divided into two parts.

In part 1 here, I want to discuss about runtime validation. And in part 2, I want to share some use cases with Nuxt3 as example.

Prerequisite

• Basic knowledge: JavaScript, TypeScript, zod

A Story

It starts with a story. Here we have two developers, John & Bill.

John wrote a utility function and shared to his team:

utils.ts

export function printList(list: (string | number)[]): void {
  list.forEach((item) => {
    console.log(item);
  });
}

The parameter list is limited to array, TypeScript will take an eye on everyone who call this function, and check if type of list is correct. It seems no problem to John. So he transpiled it into JavaScript, here is the result:

utils.js

"use strict";
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
exports.printList = void 0;
function printList(list) {
    list.forEach(function (item) {
        console.log(item);
    });
}
exports.printList = printList;

One day, Bill imported this file to use printList function:

product.js

const { printList } = require("./utils.js");

const myList = [1, 2, 3, "a", "b", "c"];

console.log(printList(myList));

const myIllegalData = "hello"; // <-- this is illegal!

console.log(printList(myIllegalData)); // <-- will throw error

Without type definition, Bill used illegal parameter accidentally, then the function was broken after ran it:

When John created the function, he expected the parameter should be an array. But someone may use it in the wrong way. (without type definition file *.d.ts)

Expected parameter is different with actual parameter, which means type (or model) is different from data. I call it mismatch (or misalignment) between type and data personally. If John did runtime check, the function would be unbreakable.

Runtime Validation

It is crucial to do runtime check, more then type check in my own opinion. As an frontend developer, we always get data from outside our code, mostly from API. External sources are likely to change or update without notifying us. So it is important to do validation right away when we got some data.

I recently use a validation library called zod, which is very suitable for runtime validation.

As the documentation introduced itself:

TypeScript-first schema validation with static type inference

It has good capability to TypeScript, and can do validation with type inference.

From Model, Validator To Data

Personally, I would like to define a model first, because model is the blueprint of data. Second, we need validator to validate the data at runtime. Since I am using zod, it is very typed-friendly to infer an validator with model. Then when receive data, we use the validator to do the validation.

Here we have three parts:

1. Model: Using type definition in TypeScript.
2. Validator: Using zod to build up validators.
3. Data: Validate the data using validators.

In fact, both model and validator make restriction to the data. The difference is, models restrict data statically (before runtime), validators restrict data dynamically (at runtime). Besides, validators can do stricter restriction than what models do. I will explain it later.

As Single Source of Truth or SSOT, our truth here is the model. The shape of a validator is inferred by the model, no matter what other strict validation we put on, it is still under restriction of the model. Then the data should follow the rule that validator provided.

Define the Model

Model is a blueprint of data, or origin of data. Each data value might vary, but data type should remain the same.

For example we have a model User to define what a user should look like:

enum Gender {
  Male,
  Female,
  Other
}

type User {
  name: string;
  age: number;
  gender: Gender;
}

So an user includes name, age, gender as above:

1. Name is defined as string with no doubt.
2. Age is a number, an positive integer actually, but TypeScript only provide number type, so we have no choice.
3. Gender is defined as an enum called Gender, actually it is also a number.

Define the Validator

Here we use zod to build the validator, zod will check the validator with the type we provided:

const userValidator: z.ZodSchema<User> = z.object({
  name: z.string().min(1),
  age: z.number().int().nonnegative(),
  gender: z.nativeEnum(Gender),
})

As we can see, in validator, we define our value precisely:

1. Name: Empty string is not allowed.
2. Age: Only nonnegative integer is allowed. No -5 year old, no 15.5 year old.
3. Gender: Here we only have male (0), female (1), other (2), other values are not allowed.

Here is what I said validator is stricter than model.

Execute the Validation

After that, we can validate data with it at anywhere we want:

const userValidation = userValidator.safeParse(userData);

if(userValidation.success){
  // validation is passed, congrats!
  // ...
} else {
  // validation is not passed, throw error, print logs or do anything to handle errors
  // ...
}

So we have much confident with our code right now! No more fear about being bombarded by illegal data!

In the next part, I want to discuss with some use cases.

Hope this post is helpful to you!

Happy coding.

Reference

• Single source of truth - Wikipedia
• Dirty data - Wikipedia
• zod

Tags:

• JavaScript
• API
• programming
• Nuxt3
• Vue
• TypeScript

Type Safety and Runtime Safety Part.2/2: page, route guard & API

Mar 17, 2024 - 5 min read - 1000 words

Inori

The post is divided into two parts. If you want to read part 1 first, please go to here.

As part 1 is about runtime validation. Part 2 will focus on use cases. I will use Nuxt3 as example.

Here I have 3 use cases: page, route guard (Vue route) and API.

Prerequisite

• Basic knowledge: JavaScript, TypeScript, Nuxt3, Vue3, zod

Case 1: Page Validation

Suppose we have a post list page with route: /posts?page=3&sort=desc&limit=20.

Then let’s define the route parameter model:

enum Sort {
  ASC = 'asc',
  DESC = 'desc',
}

// PS. RP means route parameter, which is my naming preference.
interface RPPostList {
  limit?: number;
  page?: number;
  sort?: Sort;
}

And validator:

const RPPostListValidator: z.ZodSchema<RPPostList> = z.object({
  limit: z.coerce.number().int().positive().max(50).optional(),
  page: z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
  sort: z.nativeEnum(Sort).optional(),
});

The data we plan to validate is from url. That means we will only get value with string type. So the values from page and limit should be transformed into number before validate it. Otherwise, we will get "3" instead of 3 from page. Thankfully, the latest version of zod has coerce method, we can transform it easily.

• page: page means current page number, so it should be positive integer.
• limit: limit means how many items per page, which is also a positive integer. Besides, it is limited to 50 as maximum value due to performance concern. Of course we can define it in the backend.
• sort: sort is limited to desc or asc.

In the page component, here is the process:

1. We get query string from url with route.query in Nuxt3.
2. Validate the query string.
3. After safely parsed the data, we can do whatever we want.

Here is an example:

src/pages/posts.vue

<script setup lang="ts">
import { SafeParseReturnType } from 'zod';

const route = useRoute();

const queryStringValidation = computed<SafeParseReturnType<RPPostList, RPPostList>>(() =>
  RPPostListValidator.safeParse(route.query),
);

const currentPage = computed<number>(() => {
  if (queryStringValidation.value.success) {
    // if query string has page, return page, otherwise, return 1
    return queryStringValidation.value.data?.page ? queryStringValidation.value.data.page : 1;
  } else {
    // if validation failed, return 1 whatsoever
    return 1;
  }
});

const currentSortType = computed<Sort>(() => {
  if (queryStringValidation.value.success) {
    return queryStringValidation.value.data?.sort ? queryStringValidation.value.data.sort : SortingEnum.DESC;
  } else {
    // if validation failed, return desc as default sorting
    return Sort.DESC;
  }
});
</script>

For currentPage, if query string didn’t have page value, or giving something strange page like ?page=-1, ?page=hello, then we will give page number 1 as default. Same as currentSortType.

Case 2: Validation in Route Guard

Consider we have a post page with route: /post/:id.

The route middleware in Nuxt3 will triggered before entering the page. So it is very suitable to make a route guard using route middleware.

/src/middleware/postGuard.ts

import { z } from 'zod';

// PS. RP means route param, which is my naming preference.
interface RPPost {
  id: number;
}

const RPPostValidator: z.ZodSchema<RPPost> = z.object({
  id: z.coerce.number().int().positive(),
});

export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware((to, _from) => {
  const isValid: boolean = RPPostValidator.safeParse(to.params);

  // if validation failed, redirect to home page
  if (!isValid) {
    return navigateTo('/');
  }
});

As the validator shown above, id is considered as post id. The post id in our database will be PK, or primary key. And primary keys are positive integers. So it is unnecessary to go to page like: /post/-123, /post/2.35 or /post/hello. Without asking the database, we have confidence to say that there’s no such a post in our database. So we can directly redirect it to home page or error page.

Incoming url might be various and unpredictable. (Or should I say untrustable? Sounds like a skeptic, LOL.) So it is safer to do strict check before we use it.

Speaking of untrustable, it remind me of an quote from a great assassin Altair, once he said:

Nothing is true, everything is permitted.

Here we can say:

Nothing is true, everything should be validated. 🤘

Case 3: API Validation

When encounter an API, I asked myself:

• Which data is unsafe and needs validation?
• When each validation failed, how to handle the error?

Until now, the process below is what I think as a good practice:

1. Validate incoming payload: from route params & query string
2. If failed, throw 400 bad request
3. Query data, DB connection
4. Validate raw data
5. If failed, throw 500 internal server error
6. Return data as response

Here’s an Nuxt3 server API for querying single post data. The endpoint is /api/post/:id using GET http method. To demo, I gathered all models and validators together for easy reading. For real world use, they will be placed in other directory respectively.

/src/server/api/post/[id].get.ts

import { z } from 'zod';

interface RPPost {
  id: number;
}

const RPPostValidator: z.ZodSchema<RPPost> = z.object({
  id: z.coerce.number().int().positive(),
});

// PS. M means model, which is my naming preference.
interface MPost {
  id: number;
  content: string;
  publishAt: Date;
  title: string;
}

const MPostValidator: z.ZodSchema<MPost> = z.object({
  id: z.number().int().positive(),
  content: z.string(),
  publishAt: z.date(),
  title: z.string().min(1),
});

// Nuxt3 server API
export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
  // Step 1 - get payload from router, query string or request body
  const params = getRouterParams(event);

  // Step 2 - payload validation
  const routerParamValidation = RouterParamValidator.safeParse(params);

  // Step 3 - if validation failed, would throw 400 bad request
  if (!routerParamValidation.success) {
    throw createError({ message: 'Request is invalid.', statusCode: 400 });
  }

  // Step 4 - db connection query method defined at another place
  const rawData = await getPostById(routerParamValidation.data.id);

  // Step 5 - raw data validation
  const rawDataValidation = MPostValidator.nullable().safeParse(rawData);

  // Step 6 - if validation failed, would throw 500 internal error
  if (!rawDataValidation.success) {
    throw createError({ message: 'Data and model mismatched.', statusCode: 500 });
  }

  // Step 7 - everything is fine, then transform data into view model, then return it
  return rawDataValidation.data;
});

An API also get url like route middleware does. So they might share the same route param model and validator. Besides, if accepted request body like POST API, it should also validate request body, too.

If route params was illegal, throw 400 bad request error to user. And if it passed the validation, then continue to the next step: connect with external source (like database, APIs) to get data.

Since we may get data from several external source listed below:

1. From our database directly.
2. From APIs created by our backend colleagues.
3. From third party APIs.
4. …any other external sources you might need.

There are some concerns about the data from each source:

1. Database: database might stored dirty data under development or other reasons.
2. APIs from backend: Your backend colleagues updated their data model or adjusted their APIs, but forgot to inform you. Human makes mistakes.
3. Third party APIs: Third party APIs might change their response, and of course the provider is not obligated to notify everyone who use it, especially free APIs.

So it is much safer to validate the raw data before using it.

If validation failed, throw 500 internal server error error to user if necessary. Maybe throw a 500 error might be too radical for someone. If so, another choice is to just log error down without throwing an error.

But what I concerned here is, any kind of dirty data (no matter how small it is) might have risks to break front end page. A frontend developer might murmur like this: The page was good yesterday, why is it broken today? I didn’t touch anything… WHY?!

So, the stricter the better.

After all validations passed, we are good to go: returning back as a response.

Conclusion

Validation process might be tedious, but it is worthy in the long term. Maybe it is frustrated. But it is more frustrated when we get a bomb (dirty data) that crash our page at any unexpected time… (Saying when we are going to sleep.)

Since I played Minesweeper and got GAME OVERS some many times when developing, it is time to face the music. Then it leads me to the ideas mentioned above. Hope it is helpful!

Happy coding.

Reference

• Nothing Is True.Everything Is Permitted | by Kencypher | Medium
• Nothing Is True, Everything Is Permitted | by Ajmal Khan | Medium
• The Creed | Assassin’s Creed Wiki | Fandom
• Altaïr Ibn-La’Ahad | Assassin’s Creed Wiki | Fandom
• zod

Tags:

• JavaScript
• Web API
• programming
• Nuxt3
• Vue
• TypeScript
• Frontend
• Backend

Create Hugo Post With NPM Script

Mar 11, 2024 - 3 min read - 400 words

Inori

Prerequisite

• Basic knowledge: NPM, Hugo, JavaScript, shell script
• Pre-installed: VS Code, NPM CLI, Hugo CLI

Intro

Create a post using hugo CLI is a tedious work for me. Because I always create a post using archetype and placing it in nested folder. For example, when creating this post, I should type the command below in the terminal:

hugo new --kind develop posts/_developer/create-hugo-post-with-npm-script

The problem here is, I always forget how many kind of archetypes I already have, and what my folder structure looks like right now. Folder structure can be dynamic, can be adjusted very frequently. Furthermore, I really like the NPM SCRIPTS feature that VSCode provided at Explorer in side menu, screenshot shown below:

This feature, which I call it click to run script personally, is very convenient if the user can not memorize or forget scripts. But it seems to support node pack manager a.k.a NPM as far as I know. In order to using the “click to run script” feature combining with Hugo CLI, it is necessary to using NPM as a middleware, even though Hugo blog does not need NPM or any node packages at any time. So here we get start it.

Build Hugo Dev Server Script

First initialize NPM with npm init.

Then let’s try running hugo dev server through NPM, after adding this script into your package.json:

package.json

"scripts": {
  "dev": "hugo serve -D",
}

Type npm run dev in your terminal, or just click the script to run at side bar:

Work like a charm! ✨

Build Create Post Script

So, NPM script called Hugo CLI perfectly. Then let’s trying to achieve final goal: create a post.

First we have to install two packages:

1. @inquirer/prompts, which is used to make user-friendly interface in our terminal.
2. inquirer-directory, make choose directory easier.

Then I create a JavaScript file createPost.js in root directory, build the post creation progress, here’s the code for your reference:

"use strict";
const inquirer = require("inquirer");
const { input, select, Separator, confirm } = require("@inquirer/prompts");
const { execSync } = require("child_process");
const inquirerDirectory = require("inquirer-directory");

const BASE_PATH = "./content";

inquirer.registerPrompt("directory", inquirerDirectory);

const exec = (commands) => {
  execSync(commands, { stdio: "inherit", shell: true });
};

/**
 * Create post script
 *
 * @see https://github.com/SBoudrias/Inquirer.js
 * @see https://github.com/nicksrandall/inquirer-directory
 */
(async function () {
  const archeType = await select({
    message: "Select a archetype",
    choices: [
      {
        name: "Basic",
        value: "basic",
        description: "Basic post",
      },
      {
        name: "Dev",
        value: "dev",
        description: "Post for developer.",
      },
      new Separator(),
      {
        name: "Garden",
        value: "garden",
        description: "Note for digital garden.",
      },
    ],
  });

  const title = await input({ message: "Enter your post title" });

  const directory = await inquirer.prompt({
    type: "directory",
    name: "path",
    message: "Please choose post directory.",
    basePath: BASE_PATH,
  });

  const answer = await confirm({ message: "Confirm create the post?", default: false });

  if (answer) {
    exec(`hugo new --kind ${archeType} ${directory.path}/${title}`);
    exec(`open ${BASE_PATH}/${directory.path}/${title}/index.md`);
  }
})();

In the script , I provided 3 question, and some actions:

1. Select a archetype.
2. Insert post title.
3. Choose a directory.
4. Confirm the creation.
5. Execute the hugo post creation script.
6. Finally, open the file we created.

After finish your crafted script, then add this to our package.json:

package.json

"scripts": {
  "create": "node createPost.js"
}

Then run npm run create, here’s the execution result:

That’s it! Happy coding.

Tags:

• npm
• hugo
• JavaScript

[Note] Implementation of State Machine and Multi-step Form

Oct 1, 2023 - 4 min read - 800 words

Inori

Basic knowledge: Vue、TypeScript、XState、vee-validate、zod

Initial Concept

We often see “multi-step” forms that break down a lengthy form into several separate sections for completion. This approach reduces the psychological burden on users compared to a single long-page form.

Among the numerous form-related open-source packages available, I’ve selected the following tools to manage form-related tasks:

• Form state management: Using Vue for this example, vee-validate manages the rendering states of all form elements including input, select, and other form components
• Form validation: For validation tasks, we use zod (officially recommended by vee-validate) to handle the validation logic

Now that we’ve covered the form components, the key question remains: how should we design this “multi-step” architecture?

If we combine all fields from each stage into a single form, as shown in the diagram:

When switching between stages, we need to determine which fields to display, but when moving to the next stage, we need to validate only the current set of fields, which leads to complex validation logic.

So I thought of making each stage an independent form, meaning all validation is no longer partial, but rather validates all fields within a form (for example, all fields in stage one):

By splitting into multiple forms, we’ve simplified the form validation logic, eliminating the need for additional checks (partial field validation). The responsibilities of each form component are as follows:

1. Field state management
2. All field validation

After delegating the above tasks to the form components, the remaining logic to handle is:

1. Display the state of which stage form component is currently active
2. Submit form data and execute asynchronous requests

Since “Stage One” can only proceed to “Stage Two” and not to “Stage Three” or “Confirmation Stage (Step Confirm)”, I thought of using a finite state machine to solve these two issues, and decided to try XState, a well-known package for implementing finite state machines, to handle these tasks.

Therefore, the responsibility distribution diagram is as follows:

Assignment of Responsibilities

The previous section outlined the initial ideas. Here, let’s organize the planned assignment of responsibilities, which is divided into two parts:

State Machine

1. Control flow between stages (determining which form to display at each stage)
2. Management of all form data
3. Data submission and asynchronous request handling
4. Handling of asynchronous request states (loading and error handling)

All of these features are implemented using XState.

Form Components For Each Stages

1. Form field state management (using vee-validate)
2. Form field validation (using zod)
3. Form submission events and form data (using vee-validate)

Implementation Overview

Form Components

For the form component, taking the first stage Form1.vue as an example, the structure is as follows:

<template>
  <div>
    <h2 class="formTitle">Choose channels you like</h2>
    <form class="form" @submit="onSubmit">
      <div>
        <input type="checkbox" id="discovery" :value="1" v-model="channels" />
        <label class="label" for="discovery">Discovery</label>
      </div>

      {/* other inputs... */}

      <div v-if="errors.channels" class="error">{{ errors.channels }}</div>

      <div class="buttonGroup">
        <button class="button" type="submit">next step</button>
      </div>
    </form>
  </div>
</template>

<script setup lang="ts">
  import type { Form1Model } from "@/types";
  import { toTypedSchema } from "@vee-validate/zod";
  import { useForm, useField } from "vee-validate";
  import z from "zod";

  interface Props {
    initialValues: Form1Model;
  }

  interface Emits {
    (event: "next", values: Form1Model): void;
  }

  const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
    class: "",
  });

  const emits = defineEmits<Emits>();

  const validationSchema = toTypedSchema(
    z.object({
      channels: z.number().array().nonempty("Please choose at least one channel."),
    })
  );

  const { handleSubmit, errors, values } = useForm<Form1Model>({
    initialValues: props.initialValues,
    validationSchema,
  });

  const { value: channels } = useField<number[]>("channels");

  const onSubmit = handleSubmit((values) => emits("next", values));
</script>

The form’s initial values are provided by the state machine and passed in via props; then when the form is submitted, it emits events for the state machine to handle. One person is responsible for one thing, embodying the spirit of the “Single Responsibility Principle.”

Wrapper Components

The display control for forms at each stage is implemented in the outer MultiStepForm.vue, which imports the state machine and determines the display logic. Each form emits various events (next step, previous step, submit, etc.), which are then handed over to the state machine for execution.

<template>
  <div :class="`h-full w-full ${props.class}`">
    <h1 class="title">Multi Step Form Example</h1>

    <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-x-6">
      <div>
        <h2 class="subTitle">Form Component</h2>

        <div class="p-4 border border-slate-700 rounded-lg">
          <Form1
            v-if="state.matches('step1')"
            @next="send('NEXT_TO_STEP_2', { formValues: $event })"
            @prev="send('PREV')"
            :initial-values="state.context.form1Values"
          />

          <Form2
            v-if="state.matches('step2')"
            @next="send('NEXT_TO_STEP_3', { formValues: $event })"
            @prev="send('PREV')"
            :initial-values="state.context.form2Values"
          />

          <Form3
            v-if="state.matches('step3')"
            @next="send('NEXT_TO_STEP_CONFIRM', { formValues: $event })"
            @prev="send('PREV')"
            :initial-values="state.context.form3Values"
          />

          <FormConfirm
            v-if="state.matches('stepConfirm')"
            @prev="send('PREV')"
            @submit="send('SUBMIT')"
            :is-submitting="state.matches('stepConfirm.submitting')"
            :error="state.context.error"
            :machine-context="state.context"
            :payload="state.context.payload"
          />

          <FormComplete v-if="state.matches('complete')" @restart="send('RESTART')" />
        </div>
      </div>
      <div>
        <p class="subTitle">Current Machine Context</p>
        <pre class="preBlock">{{ state.context }}</pre>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</template>

<script setup lang="ts">
  import { useMachine } from "@xstate/vue";
  import Form1 from "@/components/Form1.vue";
  import Form2 from "@/components/Form2.vue";
  import Form3 from "@/components/Form3.vue";
  import FormConfirm from "@/components/FormConfirm.vue";
  import FormComplete from "@/components/FormComplete.vue";
  import { multiStepFormMachine } from "@/multiStepFormMachine";

  interface Props {
    class?: string;
  }

  interface Emits {
    (event: "click"): void;
  }

  const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
    class: "",
  });

  const emits = defineEmits<Emits>();

  const { state, send } = useMachine(multiStepFormMachine);
</script>

State Machine of Form

Next is the state machine, which I’ve separated into a standalone file multiStepFormMachine.ts for easier management:

import { assign, createMachine } from "xstate";
import type { Form1Model, Form2Model, Form3Model, SubmitData } from "./types";
import { FORM_1_INITIAL_VALUES, FORM_2_INITIAL_VALUES, FORM_3_INITIAL_VALUES } from "./default";
import { sendFormData } from "./utils";

type MachineEvent =
  | { type: "NEXT_TO_STEP_2"; formValues: Form1Model }
  | { type: "NEXT_TO_STEP_3"; formValues: Form2Model }
  | { type: "NEXT_TO_STEP_CONFIRM"; formValues: Form3Model }
  | { type: "PREV" }
  | { type: "SUBMIT" }
  | { type: "RESTART" };

export type MachineContext = {
  form1Values: Form1Model;
  form2Values: Form2Model;
  form3Values: Form3Model;
  payload: SubmitData | null;
  error: string | null;
};

const INITIAL_MACHINE_CONTEXT: MachineContext = {
  form1Values: FORM_1_INITIAL_VALUES,
  form2Values: FORM_2_INITIAL_VALUES,
  form3Values: FORM_3_INITIAL_VALUES,
  payload: null,
  error: null,
};

type MachineState =
  | { context: MachineContext; value: "step1" }
  | { context: MachineContext; value: "step2" }
  | { context: MachineContext; value: "step3" }
  | { context: MachineContext; value: "stepConfirm" }
  | { context: MachineContext; value: "stepConfirm.submitting" }
  | { context: MachineContext; value: "complete" };

export const multiStepFormMachine = createMachine<MachineContext, MachineEvent, MachineState>(
  {
    id: "multiStepForm",
    initial: "step1",
    context: INITIAL_MACHINE_CONTEXT,
    states: {
      step1: {
        on: {
          NEXT_TO_STEP_2: {
            target: "step2",
            actions: assign({
              form1Values: (context, event) => event.formValues,
            }),
          },
        },
      },
      step2: {
        on: {
          NEXT_TO_STEP_3: {
            target: "step3",
            actions: assign({
              form2Values: (context, event) => event.formValues,
            }),
          },
          PREV: {
            target: "step1",
          },
        },
      },
      step3: {
        on: {
          NEXT_TO_STEP_CONFIRM: {
            target: "stepConfirm",
            actions: assign({
              form3Values: (context, event) => event.formValues,
            }),
          },
          PREV: {
            target: "step2",
          },
        },
      },
      stepConfirm: {
        initial: "preSubmit",
        states: {
          preSubmit: {
            entry: assign({
              payload: (context, event) => ({
                ...context.form1Values,
                ...context.form2Values,
                ...context.form3Values,
              }),
            }),
            on: {
              SUBMIT: {
                target: "submitting",
              },
            },
          },
          submitting: {
            invoke: {
              src: "formSubmit",
              onDone: {
                target: "#multiStepForm.complete",
                actions: "resetContext",
              },
              onError: {
                target: "errored",
                actions: assign({
                  error: (context, event) => event.data.error,
                }),
              },
            },
          },
          errored: {
            on: {
              SUBMIT: {
                target: "submitting",
              },
            },
          },
        },
        on: {
          PREV: {
            target: "step3",
          },
        },
      },
      complete: {
        entry: "resetContext",
        on: {
          RESTART: {
            target: "step1",
          },
        },
      },
    },
  },
  {
    actions: {
      resetContext: assign(INITIAL_MACHINE_CONTEXT),
    },
    services: {
      formSubmit: async (context, event) => {
        if (context.payload) {
          return await sendFormData(context.payload);
        } else {
          return await new Promise((resolve, reject) => reject("Context cannot be null."));
        }
      },
    },
  }
);

For details of the state machine’s operation flow, please refer to this visualization page: multi-step-form | Stately

Above is the state machine code - Sorry for too lengthy. 🙏

The main responsibilities:

1. Form1 emits a NEXT_TO_STEP_2 event to proceed to Form2, or Form2 emits a PREV event to return to Form1, and so on.
2. FormConfirm emits a SUBMIT event to tell the state machine to execute an asynchronous request, sending out the form data.
3. The state machine’s context stores the field data for Form1 and other form components, as well as the payload for the final request submission, along with the status of asynchronous requests (loading, error)

Final Result

Below are the final implementation results, with form components on the left and the current context status on the right, clearly showing when the context data gets updated

Page

Please refer to here for all code

Notes

Above are some ideas for multi-stage forms, using state machines to achieve single responsibility for forms while clearly separating and delegating logic to different parts.

This is my first time seriously writing a state machine on my own, and I’m still in the learning and exploration phase. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment. 😎

Happy coding. 🙏

Tags:

• JavaScript
• TypeScript
• XState
• Vue

漢語拼音輸入法介紹與實用技巧

Aug 3, 2023 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

This article has not been translated into English yet.

Read the original article

[開箱] 無印良品隨身風扇

Mar 22, 2023 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

This article has not been translated into English yet.

Read the original article

[Hugo] Deploy Hugo To Vercel With GitHub Actions

Jan 3, 2023 - 5 min read - 1000 words

Inori

Basic knowledge: Hugo、shell、npm、git

Preface

I deployed my blog on GitHub Page formerly, a platform for static site providing by GitHub. But GitHub Page has some limitation when we are using free account, like we should keep our repository public. However, I want to set my blog repository as private. Since I have some draft post on it. Another reason is I do not want to expose all my blog content to public like an open source. I did some research for some static site hosting platform. Then here comes two platform I am interest in: Deno and Vercel. And here I just wrote it down as a note about what I did, problems I faced.

Vercel Deployment

Vercel is a well known deployment platform of front end application. It is also recommended on Next.js official documentation. Vercel provides one-click deployment feature with zero configuration, but this time I want to deploy it by my own with GitHub Actions and its workflow.

I found an article about this topic, it is written by an engineer from Ukraine called Oleh Andrushko. He wrote it well, but I faced some issues. So I just write it down here as a note.

Prerequisite

• Install Vercel CLI at local
• Log in Vercel CLI
• Prepare three secret keys for Vercel (Vercel account token, Vercel organization Id, project Id)

Install Vercel CLI & Sign In Vercel Account

First, we install Vercel CLI GLOBALLY with NPM:

npm i -g vercel

Then open terminal (or cmd on Windows), type vercel, it might popup login request message:

vercel
Vercel CLI 28.10.1
> > No existing credentials found. Please log in:
> Log in to Vercel (Use arrow keys)
❯ Continue with GitHub
  Continue with GitLab
  Continue with Bitbucket
  Continue with Email
  Continue with SAML Single Sign-On
  ─────────────────────────────────
  Cancel

Here we choose log in Vercel with GitHub account:

> Log in to Vercel github
> Please visit the following URL in your web browser:
> Success! GitHub authentication complete for "<Your Email when logging-in GitHub>"
? You are deploying your home directory. Do you want to continue? [y/N] n

In the end, it asks us whether to deploy home directory, actually we don’t. So choose n.

Get Necessary Secret Keys

Accessing into the project folder we want to deploy, then type vercel command again:

vercel
Vercel CLI 28.10.1
? Set up and deploy "<Your repo directory at local>"? [Y/n] y
? Which scope do you want to deploy to? "<Your GitHub name>"
? Link to existing project? [y/N] n
? What’s your project’s name? "<Your GitHub account name>"
? In which directory is your code located? ./
Auto-detected Project Settings (Hugo):
- Build Command: hugo -D --gc
- Development Command: hugo server -D -w -p $PORT
- Install Command: None
- Output Directory: `public` or `publishDir` from the `config` file
? Want to modify these settings? [y/N] n
⠸ Deploying "<Your Vercel account name>/<Your project name>"
🔗  Linked to "<Your Vercel account name>/<Your project name>" (created .vercel and added it to .gitignore)
🔍  Inspect: "<Vercel deployment project link>" [2s]
✅  Preview: "<Vercel preview deployment link>" [10s]
📝  To deploy to production (hugo-test-navy.vercel.app), run `vercel --prod`

After that, we should find a folder named .vercel in our project. The folder has two files: project.json and README.txt respectively. Open project.json we will find:

{
  "projectId": "<Vercel project Id>",
  "orgId": "<Vercel organization Id>"
}

For now, we’ve got two secret keys: Vercel organization Id and Vercel project Id.

These two keys should be keep in the save place. When we ran vercel command, there are already added in .gitignore list. Further information can be found in README.txt.

For the third secret key, we have to go to Vercel’s dashboard to create it manually. Go to Tokens > Account > Dashboard > Vercel, create one for connection between GitHub and Vercel.

Setup GitHub Actions

Setup Secret Keys

Go to our project page on GitHub, then head to actions secrets settings: repo > Settings > Secrets > Actions. Then click “New repository secret” button, adding three keys into it. (Here’s the link if you can not find it: https://github.com/<Your GitHub account>/<Your repo name>/settings/secrets/actions)

Create GitHub Actions Workflow

In project folder, creating a GitHub actions workflow file: /.github/workflows/vercel-prod.yaml (File name can be anything we like.)

Referring to Oleh’s config, modify it for my own. Here’s the whole workflow: GitHub Actions for Vercel Deployment

Override Vercel Auto-build Setting

Since we want to use GitHub actions workflow to do deployment job, we have to override Vercel built-in auto deployment feature.

Following document from vercel-action, go to project setting page on Vercel: repo > Settings > General. In “Build & Development Settings”, Framework Preset is automatically detection by default. There’s no doubt our framework is Hugo. We change it to “Other”, then click Override button on the right of “BUILD COMMAND”, keeping the input as empty. Then save it. (If Vercel prevent you to save it, adding a whitespace can fix it.) As shown below:

Troubleshooting

Output Directory Error

Error message in GitHub actions console:

Error: No Output Directory named "public" found after the Build completed. You can configure the Output Directory in your Project Settings.

According to Oleh’s workflow file, he set working-directory as public, but this got me error:

- name: Deploy to Vercel
  uses: amondnet/vercel-action@v20
  id: vercel-action
  with:
    vercel-token: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_TOKEN }}
    vercel-org-id: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_ORG_ID }}
    vercel-project-id: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_PROJECT_ID }}
    github-comment: false
    vercel-args: --prod
    working-directory: public # This line got error.

I removed this line, use root as working directory, then everything works fine.

Environment Variables Error

Error message in GitHub actions console:

Error: Input required and not supplied: env
  at getInput

Adding env variable:

- name: Update Deployment Status
  uses: bobheadxi/deployments@v1
  if: always()
  with:
    step: finish
    token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
    status: ${{ job.status }}
    env: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.env }} # Adding env variable.
    deployment_id: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.deployment_id }}
    env_url: ${{ steps.vercel-action.outputs.preview-url }}

Deprecated Old Version Warning Message

Error message in GitHub actions console:

vercel-production
Node.js 12 actions are deprecated. For more information see: https://github.blog/changelog/2022-09-22-github-actions-all-actions-will-begin-running-on-node16-instead-of-node12/. Please update the following actions to use Node.js 16: amondnet/vercel-action@v20

This kind of message is just a warning, it does not block us from deployment. But we should keep in mind. Old version of Node will not work in the future. Updating the GitHub actions runner to latest version, then the warning message will disappear.

Final Thoughts

So, that’s all. We finish all deployment workflow! It will run automatically later when we push any code into main branch.

As I mentioned at the beginning, I did some research for deployment platform. Vercel and Deno are in my wishlist, and I decided to use Vercel. Vercel provides two deployment environment: production and review. So we can prepare two GitHubs Actions workflow separately for deploying develop and main branch. I set up workflows for two branches, but finally disable the preview part. As I write posts on main branch and push it to remote directly. ¹ Since there’s front matter in markdown meta, deployment will ignore building markdown files with setting draft: true in markdown front matter. As it is similar between production and preview deployment workflow (difference like branch name), you can also take a look in Ukraine guy’s post if necessary.

By the way, maybe I will take a note about deploying hugo blog on Deno.

References

• Building a personal blog with Hugo and Vercel
• amondnet/vercel-action: This action make a deployment with github actions instead of Vercel builder.

Footnotes

1. When talking about Git flow for blogging workflow, I wrote about a short post about it: GitFlow & Blog Version Control ↩

Tags:

• Hugo
• Vercel
• GitHub Actions
• CI/CD

[Review] Boox Poke 4 Lite eReader: Dilemma Between Open & Closed

Dec 29, 2022 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

import TranslationNotAvailable from ’../../../../components/TranslationNotAvailable.astro’;

Tags:

• Review
• Onyx
• Boox
• E-Reader
• E-Ink
• eBook

牙醫與臭豆腐

Nov 11, 2022 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

This article has not been translated into English yet.

Read the original article

[CSS] Switching theme in Tailwind

Oct 14, 2022 - 4 min read - 600 words

Inori

Basic Knowledge: CSS, HTML, JS, React

Preface

Tailwind provide dark mode to set dark theme style individually by adding keyword dark: in front of any CSS class:

<div class="text-black dark:text-white">
  {/* ... */}
</div>

If we want to make a theme switcher, it seems feasible by using dark:. But it will be restricted to only TWO themes. Another disadvantage is, since we use dark: syntax in CSS class on HTML elements, we have to add all of it no matter where the theme is.

TL;DR

For who want to skip all only to see the final result & source code, please go here.

Custom Color Palette in Tailwind Config

As Tailwind provides custom color in its config file:

module.exports = {
  theme: {
    colors: {
      primary: "#0d6efd",
      secondary: "#6c757d",
      danger: "#dc3545",
      warning: "#ffc107",
    },
  },
};

PS. The color above is referred to Bootstrap color palette.

Suppose we had two themes, config might be looked like this:

module.exports = {
  theme: {
    colors: {
      "theme-1-primary": "#0d6efd",
      "theme-1-secondary": "#6c757d",
      "theme-1-danger": "#dc3545",
      "theme-1-warning": "#ffc107",
      "theme-2-primary": "#0d6efd",
      "theme-2-secondary": "#6c757d",
      "theme-2-danger": "#dc3545",
      "theme-2-warning": "#ffc107",
    },
  },
};

Therefore, we can change class by what current theme is:

function Button() {
  const buttonTheme = isTheme1 ? 'bg-theme-1-primary' : 'bg-theme-2-primary';

  return <button className={buttonTheme}>;
}

But thinking of write the logic EVERYWHERE relate to theme, it’s not a smart way. In addition, if we had four or five themes, it could not be written with one-liner. We might have bunch of switch cases.

Global Variables in CSS

With CCS variables (or custom properties), we can define variables in CSS. The CSS variables can be divided into two parts: global & scope variables.

Here’s how to define CSS scope variavble:

element {
  --main-bg-color: brown;
}

The variable --main-bg-color can only be used in THIS scope. (namely, THIS curly brackets {})

The more common way is to define variables in pseudo-class :root, all variables in here can be used under HTML document, namely global variables.

:root {
  --main-bg-color: brown;
}

When using CSS variables, calling var() function with variable name as argument:

element {
  background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}

Tailwind & CSS Variables

Combining Tailwind and CSS variables, we can achieve theme switching. We just modified the config a little bit by replacing color code with CSS variables, like this:

module.exports = {
  theme: {
    colors: {
      'color-one': 'var(--color-one)',
      'color-two': 'var(--color-two)',
      'color-three': 'var(--color-three)',
      'color-four': 'var(--color-four)',
      'color-five': 'var(--color-five)',
    },
  }
}

As we’ve done with Tailwind config, another part is defining each theme palette, along with their global variables.

const theme_ayanami = `
  :root {
    --color-one: #1d446c;
    --color-two: #f1f1f1;
    --color-three: #571a1a;
    --color-four: #000000;
    --color-five: #525252;
  }
`;

const theme_ikari = `
  :root {
    --color-one: #3f6d4e;
    --color-two: #8bd450;
    --color-three: #1d1a2f;
    --color-four: #965fd4;
    --color-five: #734f9a;
  }
`;

After wrapping theme variables in <style>, we implant it into <head>.

function App() {
  const [currentTheme, setCurrentTheme] = useState("ayanami");

  const getThemeVariables = (_theme) => {
    switch (_theme) {
      case "ayanami":
        return theme_ayanami;
        break;
      case "ikari":
        return theme_ikari;
        break;
    }
  };

  useEffect(() => {
    if (!document.getElementById("customThemeId")) {
      const head = document.head;
      const newStyleElement = document.createElement("style");

      head.appendChild(newStyleElement);
      newStyleElement.id = "customThemeId";
      newStyleElement.innerHTML = getThemeVariables(currentTheme);
    } else {
      const styleElement = document.getElementById("customThemeId");

      if (styleElement) {
        // Update CSS gloabal variables
        styleElement.innerHTML = getThemeVariables(currentTheme);
      }
    }
  }, [currentTheme]);

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setCurrentTheme("ayanami")}>Ayanami</button>
      <button onClick={() => setCurrentTheme("ikari")}>Ikari</button>
    </div>
  );
}

Here we define two themes, Eva.00 and Eva.01. After that, we can use the custom class we defined:

<div class="bg-color-one"></div>

Through modifying the content in <style>, we can overwrite old theme color palette with new one. Then we can change theme!

As checking dev tools of browser, we can find that only global variables change, everything inside the <body> will remain unchanged.

Encore! Here are another two theme! Hatsune Miku and Suzumiya Haruhi themes! 😘

Final Result & Source Code

For seeing final result, please go to here.

For all source code, please refer to here.

Conclusion

As we change theme, we don’t have to modify any line of code in HTML, CSS class. Also theme change logic is now unnecessary in any component.

Every color theme variables set is just a string, ready to implant into <style>. In the exmample above, I just simply place them in JS files. When it comes to updating theme or adding new theme, we still have to build all front-end project every time. To prevent this, we have to consider it further in CI/CD structure and strategy. Since I’m not familiar with CI/CD, so I don’t discuss it here. I would be glad to hear if anyone who had a better solution to integrate it with CI/CD pipeline.

Have a nice day and happy coding. 😎

References

• Tailwind CSS - Rapidly build modern websites without ever leaving your HTML.
• Using CSS custom properties (variables) - CSS: Cascading Style Sheets | MDN
• html - How to create a <style> tag with Javascript? - Stack Overflow
• html - How to load up CSS files using Javascript? - Stack Overflow

Tags:

• tailwindcss
• css
• react

The First Dive in Multi-Threaded Patterns

Sep 27, 2022 - 6 min read - 1200 words

Inori

Prefix

Here’s a little side note from Chapter 6 - Multithreaded Patterns in this book: Multithreaded JavaScript.

In this chapter, introducing some multi-threaded patterns:

1. Thread Pool
2. Mutex
3. Ring Buffers
4. Actor Model

Thread Pool

• The thread pool is a very popular pattern that is used in most multithreaded applications in some form or another.
• A thread pool is a collection of homogeneous worker threads that are each capable of carrying out CPU-intensive tasks that the application may depend on.
• libuv library that Node.js depends on provides a thread pool, defaulting to four threads, for performing low-level I/O operations.
• This pattern might feel similar to distributed systems.
• Discuss thread into two parts: pool size and dispatch strategies.

Pool Size

• Typically, the size of a thread pool won’t need to dynamically change throughout the lifetime of an application.
• With most operating systems there is not a direct correlation between a thread and a CPU core.
• Having too many threads compared to the number of CPU cores can cause a loss of performance.
• The constant context switching will actually make an application slower.
• Thread pool contains: worker thread, main thread, garbage collection thread (if using libuv)

Checking Available Cores

Node.js

// browser
cores = navigator.hardwareConcurrency;

cores = require("os").cpus().length;

Deciding the size of threads

• Don’t forget the main thread, so total threads are n + 1
• Deciding how many threads by purpose:
  • Cryptocurrency miner that does 99.9% of the work in each thread and almost no I/O and no work in the main thread. Using the number of available cores as the size of the thread pool might be OK.
  • Video streaming and transcoding service that performs heavy CPU and heavy I/O. You may want to use the number of available cores minus two.
• Reasonable starting point might be to use the number of available cores minus one and then tweak when necessary.

Dispatch Strategies

• A naive approach might be to just collect tasks to be done, then pass them in once the number of tasks ready to be performed meets the number of worker threads and continue once they all complete.
• However, each task isn’t guaranteed to take the same amount of time to complete.

Here’s a list of the most common strategies:

Round Robin

• Each task is given to the next worker in the pool, wrapping around to the beginning once the end has been hit.
• The benefit of this is that each thread gets the exact same number of tasks to perform.
• Unfair distribution of work.
• The HAProxy reverse proxy refers to this as roundrobin.

Random

• Each task is assigned to a random worker in the pool.
• Possibly unfair distribution of work.

Least Busy

• When a new task comes along it is given to the least busy worker.
• When two workers have a tie for the least amount of work, then one can be chosen randomly.
• HAProxy refers to this as leastconn.

Mutex: A Basic Lock

• Mutex means mutually exclusive lock.
• A mechanism for controlling access to some shared data.
• It ensures that only one task may use that resource at any given time.
• A task acquires the lock in order to run code that accesses the shared data, and then releases the lock once it’s done.
• The code between the acquisition and the release is called the critical section.

Streaming Data with Ring Buffers

• A ring buffer is an implementation of a first-in-first-out (FIFO) queue, implemented using a pair of indices into an array of data in memory.
• The array is treated as if one end is connected to the other, creating a ring of data. This means that if these indices are incremented past the end of the array, they’ll go back to the beginning.
• An analog in the physical world is the restaurant order wheel, commonly found in North American diners.

Basic Elements

• head index: The head index refers to the next position to add data into the queue.
• tail index: The tail index refers to the next position to read data out of the queue from.
• buffer capacity (length): The capacity of the buffer.

How It Works

Refer to the chart from the book:

• When the data is written into buffer, head index will move to the next position.
• When the data is read from the buffer, tail index will move to the next position.
• When head or tail index at the last position of buffer, next will move the the first position of buffer.
• Since it’s a RING buffer, there’s no start and end point. Ths start position of head and tail index does not matter.
• tail index is always located behind or at the same position with head index.
• When the buffer is FULL, there’s two strategies for this situation:
  • Overwrite the oldest: Overwrite the oldest data in the buffer. It means that newer data is more important.
  • Prevent from writing: Throw an error, banning the new data from writing into the buffer.
• It is ALWAYS necessary to get the oldest data in the buffer correctly.

FIF, LIFO, Dynamic Buffer Size

Refer to wikis:

• The useful property of a circular buffer is that it does not need to have its elements shuffled around when one is consumed.
• The circular buffer is well-suited as a FIFO (first in, first out) buffer.
• The non-circular buffer is well suited as a LIFO (last in, first out) buffer.
• The idea of stake in JavaScript meets the concept of LIFO.
• Circular buffering makes a good implementation strategy for a queue that has fixed maximum size.
• For arbitrarily expanding queues, a linked list approach may be preferred instead.

Actor Model

• The actor model is a programming pattern for performing concurrent computation.
• An actor is a primitive container that allows for executing code.
• An actor is a first-class citizen in the Erlang programming language, but it can certainly be emulated using JavaScript.
• An actor is capable of running logic, creating more actors, sending messages to other actors, and receiving messages.
• No two actors are able to write to the same piece of shared memory, they are free to mutate their own memory.
• An actor is like a function in a functional language, accepting inputs and avoiding access to global state.
• Actors are single-threaded.
• A system that uses actors should be resilient to delays and out-of-order delivery, especially since actors can be spread across a network.
• Individual actors can also have the concept of an address. For example, tcp://127.0.0.1:1234/3 might refer to the third actor running in a program on the local computer listening on port 1234.
• With the actor pattern, you shouldn’t think of the joined actors as external APIs. Instead, think of them as an extension of the program itself.

Refer to the chart from the book:

References

• HAProxy - Wikipedia
• Mutual exclusion - Wikipedia
• Critical section - Wikipedia
• FIFO (computing and electronics) - Wikipedia
• Circular buffer - Wikipedia

Tags:

• JavaScript
• Note

GitFlow & Blog Version Control

Sep 5, 2022 - 2 min read - 400 words

Inori

I’ve upgraded my blog theme recently. In my best practice in development process, I prefer using gitflow to manage the code. It is one of popular version control workflow on the planet. And the FLOW looks like this:

In almost one year, I am always git push my posts on main branch. But before I start upgraded my theme, I git checkout to develop branch. According to the chart above, when we want to add some new feature, we create a FEATURE branch from develop branch. After finishing it, we merge the feature branch into develop branch. But how to bring my new feature deploying to my blog? (in here means main branch) We have to create a RELEASE branch, then close it, merging it into bothdevelop branch AND main branch. Release branch seems meaningless here, because it is used as testing the feature from QAs. Since this is my personal project, so release branch does not do anything. I just follow the gitflow.

In main branch, there is only one way to update new code: from release branch. But in my blog here, it might be pain. I am wandering, what if I created every post at develop branch, then must do tedious create-branch-merge-branch process every time I want to publish my new post.

From the beginning, I insisted on doing the right gitflow process. But now I must compromise. “That’s not practical.” I told to myself. So the conclusion is, I have decided do this into two parts.

First, creating posts will remain on main branch directly, for the sake of convenience. Second, other things will doing it on develop or feature branch. Something like updating blog config, making some change with folder structure, trying modified the theme, …etc.

I think it is good to go.

Cheers.

Reference

• Gitflow Workflow | Atlassian Git Tutorial
• Git Flow 是什麼？為什麼需要這種東西？ - 為你自己學 Git | 高見龍

Tags:

• git
• Version Control

鴨川的各種風貌

Aug 31, 2022 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

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E2E Testing Oriented Developing Process

Aug 27, 2022 - 6 min read - 1100 words

Inori

One day, we got a mockup from designer.

Then we start crafting the page. At first, we might work on making UI and UX of components. That’s the main part. E2E testing is not a concern at the moment.

When developing, if we were luckily get the test case from QAs (or whoever wrote it), should we consider it when crafting our components? (And yeah only if we have enough time.)

By the way, test case I mentioned here is for E2E testing (automation testing), not for human.

To make writing E2E testing smoothly, it is good to add some HTML attributes which the test case is planned to query. Some ACTIONS in test cases like click a button, type something in input, get text from a div element, is the elements we want to query in the future.

But how about we haven’t got the test case yet? If so, we don’t know what elements will be queried very clearly. And here it comes the thought in my mind:

We might need some rules, then we don’t have to guess every time. With rules, the coverage will be guaranteed at acceptable level.

So, I made some rules for myself. I will discuss it into several parts:

1. Component specific
2. Location specific
3. State specific
4. Invisible data specific
5. Structure specific

In this post, I will use React component to explain the concept. In fact, it doesn’t matter which front end framework are you using. It will always lead to HTML itself. Whether it is JSX or not.

Component Specific

Page Components

Use data-test-page attribute in the outer HTML tag: data-test-page='<PAGE_NAME>'. With the data-test-page attribute, we can easily know the BOUNDARY of the page component.

PS. The attribute name is up to you! I will show the best choice of mine. 🙃

For example, if we have a home page component:

function HomePage() {
  return <div data-test-page="home">{/* ... */}</div>;
}

Basic components

Use data-test-comp attribute in the outer HTML tag: data-test-comp='<COMPONENT_NAME>'. With the data-test-comp attribute, we can easily know the BOUNDARY of the basic component.

function Button() {
  return <div data-test-comp="button">{/* ... */}</div>;
}

Location Specific

The component might be used many times. (That’s why we make a component) Thus, data-test-comp will be duplicate and not easy to be recognized. Saying if we used 5 button components at the same page, but we just want to query the specific one and then click it. At this point, only we can do is just get all button elements, then search the label in the button. Finally click the button we want. The process might be tedious. So I am wondering if there was a better way to do it. What if we have unique attribute (or nearly unique, which means rarely used), it will be easier.

Therefore, we still need another FEATURE attribute for this case. (The attribute name is better to be UNIQUE) Use data-test-feat attribute to tell us what feature (or purpose) of the component is.

In my opinion, this attribute is optional. We still can query the right element we want with CSS selector. And also, overuse it might cause duplicate attribute name very easily. We never remember every line of codes we write, right? So make a good balance.

So there might be 2 ways to do it.

In Container Element

function HomePage() {
  return (
    <>
      {/* ... */}
      <div data-test-feat="confirmBtn">
        <Button />
      </div>
      <div data-test-feat="cancelBtn">
        <Button />
      </div>
      {/* ... */}
    </>
  );
}

In the example above, we clearly know that in home page, there are two buttons: confirm button and cancel button.

If wrapping component is annoying for you, another way is to insert it into component by props. Here’s the way:

Insert Into Component Through Props

Another way without the container element, is to pass the attribute name into the component through props:

function HomePage() {
  return (
    <>
      {/* ... */}
      <Button dataTestFeat="confirmBtn" />
      <Button dataTestFeat="cancelBtn" />
      {/* ... */}
    </>
  );
}

In button component:

function Button({ dataTestFeat, btnText, labelText }) {
  return (
    <div data-test-comp="button">
      <label>
        {labelText}
        <button data-test-feat={dataTestFeat}>{btnText}</button>
      </label>
    </div>
  );
}

State Specific

Sometimes, we may want to know the state of some components. Saying we have a toggle button component like this:

In test case, we want to know that after clicked the toggle button, it will change to OFF state correctly, for example.

We can still know what the state is by its style. If you used SASS that might not be big problem. But as I recently used tailwindcss very often, it become not quite straightforward… Here is what the component looks like:

function ToggleButton() {
  const [isOn, setIsOn] = useState(false);
  const handleChange = () => setIsOn((prev) => !prev);
  return (
    <button
      type="button"
      className="rounded-full overflow-hidden relative w-16 h-7 shrink-0 text-white font-semibold text-sm uppercase ml-2.5 bg-neutral-500"
      onClick={handleChange}
    >
      {/* here is what the difference by state */}
      <div className={`absolute transition left-1.5 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 ${isOn && "translate-x-9"}`}>
        <div className="rounded-full bg-white w-4 h-4 relative">
          <div className="absolute right-full top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 px-2 whitespace-nowrap">On</div>
          <div className="absolute left-full top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 px-2 whitespace-nowrap">Off</div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </button>
  );
}

In here, CSS class translate-x-9 is which the style difference between ON and OFF state. It is still possible to recognize, but just like hell to query a long class like this… it especially happen when you use utility first css library like tailwindcss.

So in this situation, it is better to have a state attribute:

function Button({ btnText, labelText }) {
  const [isOn, setIsOn] = useState(false);
  const handleChange = () => setIsOn((prev) => !prev);

  return (
    <div data-test-comp="button">
      <label>
        {labelText}
        <button data-test-state={isOn} onClick={handleChange}>
          {btnText}
        </button>
      </label>
    </div>
  );
}

Another common case is loading state. Suppose that we have a list and search bar component here:

function SearchPage() {
  // ...some state here
  return (
    <div data-test-page="searchPage">
      <div data-test-comp="searchBar">
        <input value={searchValue} data-test-feat="searchInput" />
        <button onClick={handleSearch} data-test-feat="searchBtn">
          Search
        </button>
      </div>
      <div data-test-comp="list" data-test-loading={isLoading}>
        {/* list data here */}
      </div>
    </div>
  );
}

PS. For readability, I used raw HTML instead of wrapped components.

After click the search button, it will start loading to fetch new data from API. Then finish the loading, update new data in list component.

Invisible Data Specific

Suppose that we have a card component with product info. To find specific product very quickly, it is nice to have a product id on the component. But the product id does not expose to user. So we need to add it as attribute into the element:

function ProductCard({ productId, ...restProps }) {
  return (
    <div data-test-comp="productCard" data-test-product-id={productId}>
      {/* product card content */}
    </div>
  );
}

For naming rule here, I think every SEMANTIC name will be fine.

Structure Specific

Simulated Elements

Under some special situation, we will use div element to simulate specific HTML elements.

For example, like table-simulated elements, use data-test-el attribute: data-test-el='<ELEMENT_NAME>'

function Table() {
  return (
    <div data-test-el="table">
      <div data-test-el="tbody">{/* ... */}</div>
    </div>
  );
}

This case might not be familiar for everyone. But still I can explain why I have to use this.

I met some CSS issue of table related elements (namely, <table>, <thead>, <tbody>, …etc) in Safari browser. So I have to use divs to re-build the same structure as table. Adding attributes is easier for me to read the whole structure.

Element For Component Structure

Sometimes, we need to understand a component structure quickly. To do this, insert attribute in element as flag, will improve the readability. Saying we have a dialog component here:

function Dialog() {
  return (
    <div data-test-comp="dialog">
      <div data-test-el="dialogHeader">this is dialog header</div>
      <div data-test-el="dialogBody">this is dialog body</div>
      <div data-test-el="dialogFooter">this is dialog footer</div>
    </div>
  );
}

After adding data-test-el attributes, it is more efficient to understand the component structure at a glance.

Conclusion

It will be a long journey adding a lot of attributes when developing. Besides, at this moment, test case is not the biggest concern. With some rules, we can do the tedious tasks without thinking too much. After finish the development, writing test cases might be smoothly. We might be thankful for our past selves.

And after all, it’s just my personal thoughts, NOT an industrial standard. 😎 I will be glad if someone benefit from it.

Cheers.

Tags:

• E2E Testing
• React
• Front-end
• JavaScript
• Note

機動性與獨立傢俱

Aug 21, 2022 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

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學習摩斯電碼

Jul 23, 2022 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

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行動裝置上 100vh 的奇怪行爲

Jul 17, 2022 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

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[小說] 我只想好好說話

Jun 12, 2022 - 1 min read - 100 words

Inori

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Task Decluttering on Labor's day

May 20, 2022 - 6 min read - 1300 words

Inori

Actually, I have some plan as experiment on labor’s day.

Last year, I couldn’t do the plan accidentally. So I don’t want to skip the chance this year.

Even though I call it the PLAN, but it’s NOT the plan what you think like… a big one.

Origin

As the labor’s day is a holiday for all labors on the planet, the purpose is to let us take a break for one day.

That’s why we don’t work on this day.

And from the more general aspect,

As CEO of our body, should we just let our body take a break for one day, relax for whole day?

Most of us take two days off in the weekend. But our body DOESN’T.

Since then, I started considering a plan letting my body relaxing for whole day.

That’s the starting point of the plan.

But what’s the plan of this PLAN?

Rules

Basically, I made some rules…

Tasks

The rules are, on May 1st, all tasks I can do is:

1. Eat
2. Read
3. Sleep

That’s it.

I can still eat nothing for all day long.

But I haven’t tried fasting for whole day, so… sorry Mr. Stomach, please work for me.

Saying I planning to relax on this day, but I can’t just daydreaming all day and do nothing.

I choose a mild task that doesn’t waste to much energy, that is: reading.

And only reading a paper book, not digital one.

The novel is the best choice since it’s low consumption for brain power.

If the eyes want to take a break, then I would sleep for all day long.

I think it’s not reasonable, sorry for Mr. Eyes.

And finally, about sleeping, when I getting a little bit tired, I will go to take a nap.

I think SLEEPING WHENEVER WE LIKE becoming the most luxurious thing in modern society. 🙃

Moreover, because of the operation of human body in biological aspect, brain, heart and lung will work as usual, sorry guys.

I’ll relax AS MUCH AS I CAN.

Forbidden Tasks

• Any electronic devices, LCD displays
• Exercise
• Going outside

The electronic devices are forbidden, so I put my Mac into the closet.

My Mac is the main device in my daily life.

How about my iPhone?

As an communication instrument and a music player, I will use it at the day.

But use it as less as I can.

Since my message is not so much, I think it will be fine.

(BTW, I’ve already disabled all notification from almost all apps.)

And talking about the music, only light & low tempo music is allowed.

Like Jazz, Bossa Nova, something like these.

No rock music or EDM, buddy. LOL

To reduce blue light, put all devices in the drawer as much as you can.

Maybe you would ask: no exercise, why?

I know exercise is a way for relaxing but, that’s the personal preference…

Like I said, I want to RELAX all day, LITERALLY.

So, high energy activity is out of range.

And also, Shopping, drink coffee at cafe is also high energy cost activity for introverts.

Getting out only for eating.

Okey, the RULES are all done.

Then that’s do it!

The Whole Day

I enjoyed my beef club sandwich at local restaurant.

Thanks for all staff, or I will starve in the morning.

Then, grab the book borrowing from library last week.

{/todo real translation of book and author/}

The book is “The Miracles of the Namiya General Store”, written by Keigo Higashino

I thought about reading this book long time ago, but forgot it for several years…

How fast the time passed by.

Such a cool day in even though in May.

And it was raining outside.

How healing listening the sound of rain.

It’s the good white noise of mother nature.

As following the characters on the book, I dived into the world of novel.

It felt like the time went slower than I felt.

Maybe because I don’t have a clock on the wall.

Or maybe just I did only ONE THING at ONE TIME.

And it just like what the story goes in the Namiya General Store, some kind of similarity.

Sometimes I walked around at my little apartment, and recalled the today’s plan.

Ah, it seems like NOTHING ELSE I CAN DO.

Suddenly I realized,

Has habitual busyness became the part of modern society?

I barely can bear any emptiness in few seconds. (How about you?)

So when I ran into some emptiness of time, I would have an impulse to DO SOMETHING.

Because I don’t want to waste any seconds.

Without smartphone, tablet, computer, television, web, what will remain in our life?

I started trying to recall the era without these GADGETS, how did we live?

It was 24 hours a day, it never changes.

But what did we do in those old days?

I was wondering… but could not remember it.

Then I got back to the world of novel.

When I got tired, I took a little nap without setting timer, which I always do.

After that, I kept reading.

And here came the dinner time, then I was thinking:

To celebrating for the plan I did today (did nothing special actually), I decided to go to eat ramen.

It was still raining outside, such a luxurious weather!

I went to a local ramen restaurant by metro.

I am grateful for the staff and driver of metro, without them, I could only move on foot.

On my way walking to ramen restaurant, thinking about the backup plan if the it was closed today.

And then I saw the shimmering light from the window.

It felt like a warm welcome from the restaurant itself.

Thanks the ramen restaurant opens today, then I can enjoy the great taste of ramen.

What a great meal! Thanks you!

Back to home, accompanied by the rainy day, I continued on the journey in novel world.

Afterword

So, that’s the plan about DO NOTHING PLAN on labor’s day.

But I still did something though. LOL

In most of my daily life in these years, I worked hard every day.

I don’t want to waste any time on something defined as UNPRODUCTIVE, for example, entertainment.

Then I lost the brake, I can not slow it down anymore.

I felt tired all day, not only physically but also mentally.

Maybe many people have the same problem in these days.

We live in a world that getting the faster and faster pace, without the brake.

From the latest news in Taiwan, the drivers of Taiwan railways went on strike.

For most of them, they won’t drive the train on labor’s day.

I seldom take the train.

I wouldn’t complain about them for not driving the training if I planned to take a train on labor’s day.

It’s labor’s day! They just take a break!

Why not just let all people take a break?

Most of us take 5 days a week on our job. It’s very long.

Not considering about the staff of service industry, they might work more long then I can imagine.

If all of us did nothing on labor’s day, let everyone slow down for one day, it would be great.

I think on that day, it will become a ghost town.

Let the city rest for a while, let the nation sleep for one day.

Is that a great idea, isn’t it?

Tags:

• life
• diary

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